What are three field expedient methods used to determine direction?

The selection of shadow-tip method, watch method, and North Star method as field expedient methods to determine direction is based on their reliance on natural phenomena or basic materials that can be found in the field.

The shadow-tip method uses the position of the sun to cast a shadow; by marking the tip of the shadow and waiting for a set period, one can establish a line that indicates east-west orientation. This method is especially useful when traditional navigational tools are not available.

The watch method involves using a wristwatch to find direction. By knowing the time, one can use a standard analog watch to determine which direction is south in the Northern Hemisphere (or north in the Southern Hemisphere) by positioning the watch so that the hour hand points towards the sun.

The North Star method requires clear skies at night but is an effective way to find north using the position of Polaris. This star is located nearly at the celestial north pole, so it provides a reliable reference for direction.

These three methods utilize readily available resources or observable celestial bodies, making them practical for soldiers or outdoor enthusiasts when other navigational aids are absent. The other options provided in the question do not consist of field expedient techniques, as they either include high-tech equipment (such as GPS